Pharmacy Curriculum

All details of courses which are studied throughout the five years is mentioned below:

First Years Details: 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6

First Years Details: 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6

First Years Details: 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6

First Years Details: 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5

First Years Details: 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5

Pharm – D Curriculum Final 2013

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR PHARM-D FIVE YEAR COURSE ANNUAL SYSTEM

DETAILS OF COURSES (ANNUAL SYSTEM)

Syllabi and Subject Objectives:

11. Syllabi and subject objectives: – Pharmacy institutions should design the learning and teaching strategy for every subject based on the relevant guidelines regarding syllabi and subject objectives as specified in regulations 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 with a view to ultimately achieve the pharmacy education objectives as provided in Chapter II, and should involve as many principles of learning as possible.

12. Guidelines regarding syllabi and subject objectives for basic subjects: – The following guidelines are recommended regarding syllabi and subject objectives for basic subjects, namely:-

• Islamic Studies and Pakistan Studies: The applied aspects of the Islamic principles and Pakistan Studies are important. The time allotted for these subjects shall be utilized by inviting eminent scholars to speak on selected topics, conducting seminars and group discussions on moral values and practice in relation to medical and pharmaceutical sciences in the light of Islamic principles. The purpose is to bring positive behavioral changes in the students.

• Anatomy: In this subject emphasis shall be given to anatomy of different organs of human body. The students will be familiarized with basic structures, location of different organs which play a role in the normal function of human body and applied aspects of developmental, gross and microscopic anatomy without burdening the students with unnecessary details of basic anatomy. Efforts shall be made to demonstrate anatomical facts of practical importance through models, prospected parts, films and slides. It is desirable that the teaching of developmental, gross and microscopic Anatomy be taught concurrently.

• Physiology: Students shall be taught the general principles of functions of human body with emphasis on practical applications and basic physiological consideration of different systems of human body. Functional study of different organs and their inter-relationship and basic histological study of human cells and different organs is another important objective. Experimental work in physiology shall illustrate important physiological concepts and measurements. Physiological phenomena must be demonstrated practically by using modern equipment.

• Pathology: The subject of pathology shall enable the students regarding:

• awareness of different diseases;
• condition of diseases;
• physiological variation in different diseases; and
• hormonal changes in different diseases.

• Mathematics: Mathematics is the language of science. The study of mathematics is important as all the equations used in pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics are in the mathematical forms and studies of such results are in logarithmic and integration forms.

• Bio-statistics: In pharmacy the statistical approach plays a key role in various aspects of research on drugs. The bioassay in drug development is to measure the potency of some new compounds relative to some standard drugs in terms of the magnitude of heir effects. Statistics is used to test as many assumptions involved in the assay. Statistics is also required to design the clinical trials to obtain pharmaceutical information of any drug. The statistical approach is also used in various parameters estimation. Statistics also helps in documenting the results of a study. The statistical approach is required for screening of compounds for clinically active drugs. The knowledge of statistics is also required for the study of the dose response relationship.

• Computer.- The students are required to learn the basic introduction of computer with reference to their application in pharmacy.

13. Guidelines regarding syllabi and subjects objectives for pharmaceutical subjects.- The following guidelines are recommended regarding syllabi and subject objectives for pharmaceutical subjects, namely:- 

• General Pharmaceutics: This is required to give the students an exposure about the basic terminologies used in pharmacy, basic techniques used in the field of pharmacy, knowledge about history and origin of pharmacy, different types of properties of pharmaceuticals and knowledge about physical processes used in pharmacy.

• Pharmaceutical Preparations: The objective to teach pharmaceutical preparations is to give the students knowledge about different dosage forms used in pharmacy, their small and large scale preparation, formulation of different dosage forms, and his role in the practice of community pharmacy.

• Pharmaceutical dispensing, practice and pharmacy: It is essential for a pharmacist while working in a pharmacy to know as how to prepare and supply medicines. This requires the knowledge of stability of medicines and their ingredients, principle of compounding, dosage, chemical, physical and therapeutic incompatibility, packaging methods, labeling procedures, legal requirements affecting drug storage, supply and records, containers and labeling of substances and misuse of drugs.

• Community Pharmacy: The subject of Community Pharmacy is required for giving the basic knowledge of different definitions and background of community pharmacy, importance of communication with patients, imparting knowledge about different methods used to control of drug abuse and misuse and for identifying the role of pharmacist as public health educator in the community for drug monitoring and information.

• Hospital Pharmacy: The objective is to educate the students about the real role of a pharmacist in Hospital along with the roles that he is required to play in the distribution, storage and purchase of drugs in hospital. The role of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee and the advantages of small scale manufacturing in hospital need to be

• Clinical Pharmacy: Clinical pharmacy is the practice of pharmacy in clinical setting especially in a hospital. The concept of Clinical Pharmacy and the role that the pharmacists are playing internationally is to be introduced. Study of clinical pharmacy is important in therapeutic drug monitoring, determining toxicities, drug interaction, adverse drug reactions and dosage regime establishment. It helps in proper selection of drugs, administration route, as well as guiding patients about the drug therapy. The students need to learn the concept of rational use of drugs, essential drugs and their advantages, drug utilization evaluation and review, practical pharmacokinetics and the role of pharmacist in pharmaceutical care, its scope, management and application.

• Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: The concepts of bioavailability and administration, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs are required to study the Drug-Pharmacokinetics parameters, Dosage Regime design, therapeutic drug monitoring, in-vivo evaluation of drugs and bioavailability studies. This also required for population pharmacokinetics, determination of frequency, duration and quantity of drugs given for particular disease, adjustment of dosage regime and schedule of drugs in various ailments and in different age groups.

• Industrial Pharmacy: By studying this subject, the students are required to understand as to how different dosage forms are produced. Study of techniques for preparation of these dosage forms and latest advances in product formulation and preparation and latest techniques and technology for their production, is important for understanding the industrial pharmacy.

• Pharmaceutical quality management: The concept of manufacturing of drugs is quite essential, the quality control and quality assurances are still more important. The purpose is to educate the students about the understanding of the testing, quality control and methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry for the dosage form control, process control, testing program and methods which include physical, chemical and biological tests and specifications and statistical quality control.

• Marketing and Management.- Pharmaceutical marketing and management enables the students to learn about different principles of management and marketing. This prepares the students as how to manage different tasks, planning of objectives, how to manage long term and short term targets in industry, marketing and retail set-ups, strategies to accomplish different goals and management of different tasks within a specified period of time.

• Forensic Pharmacy.- Study of this subject shall enable the students to become aware about the regulatory control of manufacturing and sale of drugs in Pakistan. The students should know about the laws and procedures regarding Registration and sale of drugs, establishment of retail, wholesale and distribution set ups. Knowledge of Rules and legislation about controlled, poisonous and dangerous drugs has also to be given.

• Pharmaceutical Technology.- The students need to learn the techniques and methods of formulation development especially with reference to advanced formulation techniques, novel drug delivery system. Introduction of pharmaceutical bio-technology and role of pharmacist in the development of different useful biotechnological products is also important.

• Pharmaceutical Microbiology.- Students shall be taught the principles of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Microbiology including environmental Microbiology and other relevant aspects. The modern concepts of microbiological application shall be taught to students. The staining of slides and preparation of culture media, , including microbiological assays of pharmaceuticals shall be taught. Sensitivity test and other necessary pharmaceutical tests shall also be included. The students have to be trained about sterilization, dis-infection and fermentation with reference to their use and application in the pharmaceutical industry. Knowledge of immune system is also required to be imparted.     

14. Guidelines regarding syllabi and subjects objectives for pharmaceutical chemistry:- The following guidelines are recommended regarding syllabi and subject objectives for pharmaceutical chemistry, namely:-

• Biochemistry: Students should be taught those areas of biochemistry which are important for the understanding of metabolic disorders relevant to common disturbances of body functions, gene structure and functions. General introduction and basic biochemistry of proteins, carbohydrates, bioenergetics, lipids, etc., including biochemistry of enzymes and metabolic fates of Nitrogen will be taught. The syllabus will also include replication and expression of genetic information. Metabolic basis of Biochemistry in relation to human metabolism, digestion and intestinal absorption should also be taken. Experimental work in Biochemistry should highlight the important clinical applications of biochemical tests. The use of modern equipment for biochemical analysis should be demonstrated to students.

• Organic Chemistry: By studying this subject, the students will understand different organic reactions and their mechanisms. Knowledge about different organic molecules, their use in pharmacy and basic terms and techniques in organic chemistry will be highlighted.

• Pharmaceutical Instrumentation: Study of this subject shall give knowledge about different techniques used for the estimation of drugs. Students will also give the basic knowledge regarding the components of these techniques. They will also learn the analysis of drugs by using latest techniques including theory and instrumentation of atomic absorption & emission spectroscopy, flame photometry, I.R., Mass, NMR, UV/Visible spectroscopy. It will also include the study of column, thin layer, gas-liquid chromatography, HPLC and GC-MS. Potentiometry, polarography, radiochemical techniques and differential scanning colorimetry. 

• Medicinal Chemistry: The study of this subject should cover the theory of drug action, stereochemistry and drug action, alkaloids, vitamins and relation of structure and biological activity of organic medicinal agents. Protein and steroidal hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic drugs of different pharmacological activity should be included.

15. Guidelines regarding syllabus and subject objectives for Pharmacognosy: – The study of Pharmacognosy is to give knowledge about crude drugs, evaluation and use etc. Different methods used for extraction and purification of crude drugs from different plant and animal source. The study shall include medicinal plants of Pakistan, heir habitat, collection and biological source of the drug. Allergens and allergenic preparations, enzymes, plant growth hormones as well as pesticides and poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan shall be included. Separation and isolation of plant constituents by special techniques like chromatography, ion exchange, electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) shall be introduced. Detailed study of carbohydrates and related products, alkaloids, volatile oils, fixed oils, tannins, glycosides, etc., shall be included. The students should know the Unani system of medicine, phyto-pharmacology and Traditional Medicine and Alternative System of Medicine.

16. Guidelines regarding syllabus and subject objectives for Pharmacology: – The teaching of Pharmacology shall be aimed at different aspects of drugs and pharmaceuticals used in different diseases. The therapeutic/pharmacological groups of drugs will be taught according to the classification of World Health Organization. The students should know the relationship between drug concentration and biological response, drug action overtime, factors affecting absorption, distribution, binding, metabolism and elimination of chemicals, structure activity relationship, biological changes that result from repeated drug use, tolerance, addiction and adverse effects. Process of drug interaction with cellular macromolecules to alter physiological function and site of action including knowledge about proper selection of drugs has also to be covered.

17. Assessment of population needs, etc:- An assessment of population needs is essential for the provision of appropriate health services, identification of priority health problems, the influence of environmental and social factors on diseases, the prevention of illness and the promotion of health, are specially important. These issues are relevant to many subjects, and shall be addressed by all disciplines of pharmacy. Teaching must be supplemented by practical involvement of students in research and community pharmacy projects, and actual exposure to health problems of different sections of the population. Identification of problems should be followed by planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating appropriate interventions.